“Estimated to be diagnosed in 1 of every 8 women in their...

â€Å"Estimated to be diagnosed in 1 of every 8 women in their lifetime, breast cancer continues to present a public health concern (Haber 2322)†. Breast cancer is not biased. It affects men and women of all races and ages. â€Å"Cancer represents 30% of the burden posed by no communicable diseases in the Region of the Americas of the World Health Organization (Luciani, Silvana 640)†. In men it affects less than 1 percent of the population. Routine mammograms and checkups are not only healthy but can also save lives. Giving the doctor thirty minutes of your time could ultimately mean the difference between life and death in some cases. Many people think if they do not feel any lumps in their breasts there is nothing to worry about. That is not†¦show more content†¦Mammograms are probably the most important tool doctors have in diagnosing breast cancer. Although they do not prevent one from acquiring breast cancer, it does help diagnosing as early as possible. â€Å"Mammography has a false-negative (missed cancer) rate of at least 10 percent (Wikipedia)†. Mammograms rarely miss cancerous cells. That of which they do miss is because of the density in the breast. A false negative is more common among younger women due to the fact that younger woman have more density in their breasts. There are four different categories found by mammograms: 1. easily treated cancers. 2. aggressive cancers that are detected too late. 3. slow-growing cancers that ultimately will not harm or kill a patient before natural causes do, and 4. a small number of cancers who treatment outcome is better because of early detection. Mammograms will help to find all kinds of cancers that are undetectable by self-examinations. Women from their twenties to thirties should get a mammogram every three years while women forty years old and older should get annual checkups (unless there is an issue that is found, which will usually cause checkups to be every 3 to 6 months). Annual checkups can help detect cancer early on, which in return would have less severe results. â€Å"Even for women 50+, skipping a mammogram every other year would miss up to 30% of cancers (mammography)†. The benefits and risks of mammography differ by age. InShow MoreRelatedThe Importance Of Mammograms And Self Examinations1465 Words   |  6 Pages The Diagnosis It was a cold day in Utah and I was on my way to the Salt Lake City Regional Hospital for my yearly mammogram. I have no history of breast cancer in my family but I still worried about it, especially after watching my best friend go through treatment. My appointment was in the afternoon so I had to leave work early. My husband offered to go with me and give me moral support since these appointments always scare me. I had a feeling something was wrong and I knew deep down the outcomeRead MoreRisk Factors Of Breast Exams And Mammograms722 Words   |  3 PagesExams and Mammograms.† In this project, I found two peer-reviewed articles about the cultural barriers (and how to overcome them) between mammograms and Asian American women. These articles taught me how to better approach our audience and influenced the way I edited the sections, â€Å"What is Breast Cancer?† and â€Å"Risk Factors of Breast Cancer† to cater to our demographic. In addition, I found three more peer reviewed articles about breast cancer prevention, screening and diagnostic mammogram screeningsRead MoreWomen Should Have 3d Mammograms1394 Words   |  6 Pages Women Should Have 3D Mammograms Standard Number; 6.4.D Technology has changed drastically over the last several decades; for instance, telephones have gone from rotary style with party lines to individual wireless phones the size of your palm. Similarly, mammograms have gone through a transformation due to technological advances. In the past, mammograms were performed by compressing breast tissue, and a series of 2D pictures were taken. This process took a long time and was very painful and uncomfortableRead MoreMammograms: Powerful Breast Cancer Essay885 Words   |  4 Pages{text:bookmark-start} Mammograms {text:bookmark-end} Mammograms are important to have because it not only affects women over 40, but it affects young and men also. A mammogram (also called a mammography exam) is a safe, low-dose x-ray of the breast. A high-quality mammogram is the most effective tool for detecting breast cancer early. Early detection of breast cancer may allow more treatment options. It could even mean saving your breast or your life. Mammograms a re probably the most important toolRead MoreApplication Of Higher Order : Features On Mammograms Essay1701 Words   |  7 PagesApplication of Higher Order GLCM Features on Mammograms Vrushali Gaike1, Nazneen Akhter1, K.V. Kale1, Prapti Deshmukh2 1Department of Computer Science I.T., Dr.Babasaheb Ambedkar Marathwada University, Aurangabad, India. 2M.G.M’s G.Y.Pathrikar college of C.S I.T, Aurangabad, India vrushaliranmalkar@gmail.com, getnazneen@gmail.com, kvkale91@gmail.com, prapti.research@gmail.com Abstract— Photographing the changes in internal breast structure due to formation of masses and microcalcificationRead MoreWhy Are Mammograms Vital For One s Health?1582 Words   |  7 PagesWhy are mammograms vital to one s health? The most important reason why is because mammography detects breast cancer. Around 12% of women in the United States will develop invasive breast cancer (BreastCancer.Org, 2016). The most common type of breast cancer is called invasive ductal carcinoma. This type of breast cancer is found in 80% of women (BreastCancer.Org, 2015). Invasive ductal carcinoma remains to be a serious problem for men and women, and here is why. This type of breast cancerRead MoreThe Effects Of Mammograms And How They Can Save Their Lives1286 Words   |  6 Pagesage to get mammograms would drop to the age of 50 instead of 40? According to Ph.D. Diana Zuckerman and Ph.D. Anna E. Mazzucco, this is what the â€Å"U.S. Preventative Services Task Force recommends† on doing (Zuckerman, Mazzucco 1). This is a big change in women in that, now women may feel more comfortable with the idea of getting mammograms done, but at a later age. Mammograms have been used for some time now and they have proven to help save lives of women. People might argue that mammograms are notRead MoreWhile Having Regular Mammograms Every Two Years Does Not749 Words   |  3 PagesWhile having regular mammograms every two years does not guarantee you will not get cancer, it may however detect the disease early. Cancer screening makes sense; identify and treat cancer before you know it’s there. The theory behind this is to catch cancer in t he initial stages and it will be more curable. This in turn, reduces deaths due to the disease. Nurse Practitioner Veneta Masson, author of â€Å"Why I don’t Get Mammograms† argues the topic of how routine mammograms don’t save lives. MassonRead MoreComputer Aided Mammograms And Trans Atlantic Data Transfer Privacy1726 Words   |  7 PagesComputer-Aided Mammograms and Trans-Atlantic Data Transfer Privacy Garrett Gutierrez CSE 485: Capstone I #80015 12:00 PM - 1:15 PM Introduction: As new technologies emerge, they cause new and surprising impacts on the world, which shape how people experience life. Yet, these advancements in computing and engineering may have some negative consequences. Thus, they become controversial issues. Two recent issues in the computing and engineering field are the effectiveness of computer-aided mammograms in theRead MorePolicy Argument : The Policy Of The New Guidelines On Mammograms And Children And Guns816 Words   |  4 Pagesreasoning framing policy problems, which arise at all stages of the policy delivery process. The two policy maps will analyze the pros and cons of the new guidelines on mammograms and children and guns. Mammograms New guidelines recently issued recommend that women with an average risk of breast cancer start having mammograms at the age 45 and continue having them until they reach the age of 54. Then after the age of 54 every other year for as long as they are healthy and likely to live another

A Healthy Individual s Immune System - 1088 Words

Definition A healthy individual’s immune system is able to combat pathogens, bacteria, infections and viruses that he or she may encounter on a daily basis. This becomes much harder for the individual once he or she is infected with the Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV). The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) (2015) defines HIV as a virus that attacks the immune system. The immune system is the body’s natural ability to protect itself against infections and diseases (CDC, 2015). When the immune system is damaged, the human body loses the ability to fight off disease and infections (CDC, 2015). The HIV virus is different from other viruses due to the fact that once the HIV virus enters the human body; the immune system could†¦show more content†¦283). Furthermore, if a person refuses to seek treatment for HIV he or she will eventually develop an immunocompromised system due to the fact that the count of CD4 cells will be reduced drastically (CDC, 2015). As a result of this action, the individual is more susceptible to becoming infected with other infections or infection-related cancers due to the low count of T-cells (Chereshnev et al., 2013, p. 283). Chereshnev et al., (2013) list some of the diseases that correlate with a low count of CD4 cells and these are Mycobacterium tuberculosis, cancer such as lymphoma, and herpes viruses (p. 283). Etiology The CDC (2015) states that scientists have identified the source where HIV first originated. Sharp, P. M., and Hahn B. H. (2011) state that a type of chimpanzee located in Central Africa is the source of HIV (p. 2). Sharp et al. (2011) explain that this chimpanzee is infected with Simian Immunodeficiency Virus (SIV) (p.2). SIV found in these chimpanzees is biologically similar to the HIV found in human beings (Sharp et al., 2011). Therefore, SIV is believed to have been transmitted to human by cutaneous or mucous membrane exposure to infected blood when hunters would go bushmeat hunting these chimpanzees as a source of food (Sharp et al., 2011, p. 10). Once these hunters became infected with SIV through contaminated blood from the chimpanzees, SIV mutated in the human body into what we know today as HIV (Sharp et al., 2011, p. 10). Sharp et al., (2011)

Business Law Gratuitous Consideration

Question: Describe about the Business Law for Gratuitous Consideration. Answer: 1(a): Jane had gone abroad and he gave his care to Jack as a gift. Jack immediately agreed to the offer made to him. Jane was the offeror and Jack was the offeree. The car that was offered by Jane to Jack was of 25000 dollars. The problem that shall be discussed in answer 1 (a) relates to an enforceable contract between them. To bring into life a contract, necessary elements have to be fulfilled. A contract remains unenforceable unless the requisite elements of a legitimate agreement are fulfilled. Consideration is one of the most important elements of a valid contract (McKendrick, 2014). Consideration means exchange of something either in cash or in kind in return of execution of contract. A contract that has no provision of consideration is no contract, meaning an agreement without consideration is void, unenforceable and no one can be sued in the Court for this (Hillman, 2012). Thus, it may be said that when a contract has gratuitous consideration it is not enforceable in the opinion of law. A gratuitous consideration is merely a gift and it becomes not enforceable in the Court (Knapp, 2013). Hence, in the given case study as well, Jane and Jack have a non-binding contract between them, as consideration between them is absent. The exchange of car that has taken place between them shall not be considere d as a contract rather it will only be considered as exchange of gift, which is gratuitous, by nature. Therefore, Jack and Jane were involved in a contract that could not be enforced in the Court. 1(b): Jane presented her car to Jack on the price of 25000 dollars. The cost of the car otherwise is also 25000 dollars. Jack admitted to the offer. The subject that shall be discussed here relates to the enforceability of the contract between Jane and Jack. The given are the essential requirements, to make a contract enforceable in the Court of Australia: Offer Acceptance Legal competency Consideration (Pui Weele, 2014) Offer is the promise that is made by one party to the contract to the other party of the contract in return of consideration. The consideration is the price that the promisee pays to the promisor at the time of execution of the contract (Landa, 2014). Consideration causes detriment to the promisee and gives advantage to the promisor. Legal competency signifies that the parties to the contract should be of more than 18 years age and sound mind. If a person enters into a contract with an unsound mind or a minor a contract is void. If the above-mentioned essentials are fulfilled the contract may become legally binding and enforceable. In the provided case study, Jack and Jane were part of an agreement in which all the legal formalities were fulfilled. Jane offered, while Jack accepted the offer and the amount of consideration were also fixed up for the amount of 25000 dollars. This means that the authorized ceremony to form a contract was rightfully completed by them that are, offer, acceptance and consideration. Moreover, the contract does not seem to be induced by fraud, coercion or misrepresentation. Existence of elements such as fraud or coercion makes a contract voidable at the option of the party to the contract (Hillman, 2012). Therefore, Jack and Jack were part of an enforceable and valid contract being that all the legal formalities were fulfilled. 1(c): Jane being the offeror sells his car to Jack for the amount of 2500 dollars. The cost of the car otherwise was 25000 dollars. Jack readily accepted the offer of Jane. The topic that shall be discussed in answer 1 (c) is sufficiency of consideration. According to the standard rule of contract law, there is lack of boundaries with regard to consideration if all the requirements of the contract are duly followed. We all know that an agreement in which there is no consideration is not enforceable. Nevertheless, the question that is discussed in relation to consideration is about its sufficiency. It is the promisor, who calculates the sum of consideration and wants the sum of consideration from the promisee. The promisor calculates keeping in mind the current value of his service or product (Hillman, 2012). The reason why the offeror does most of the calculation is that, it is the offeror who shall receive the amount of consideration in return or exchange of the service or the product that he has offered (Niu, 2015). The offeree has the liberty of bargaining the amount of consideration if he feels that the amount is not sufficient or feasible. As per law, sufficient consideration means a consideration that is of some value in the opi nion of law and is normal for both the parties to the contract (Andrews, 2016). In the milestone issue of Chappel v. Nestle, the Judge held that a peppercorn is regarded as valuable and sufficient as long as the promisor is fine with it. A consideration that is valid and valuable and is sufficient if the promisor has done the necessary calculations then the consideration may be deemed as sufficient. Therefore, consideration is an imposition of a proviso to the promisor and a consideration is deemed as valid if it is not against law. Additionally, it also important to be noted, that the consideration should be of some value in the opinion of law and should not be a mere illusion (Chen-Wishart, 2012). In the given case study, the price of consideration was 2500 dollars and the price of consideration may be regarded as sufficient as Jane being the offeror is fine with the price of consideration. Jane calculated the amount of consideration. Hence, the agreement of which the parties to the contract were Jane and Jack was enforceable. 2: The buyer and the builder were parties to a contract in behalf of North Ocean Tankers. As per the agreement, the consideration was in dollars containing no provision of currency fluctuation. While the builder was halfway on its manufacture of the ship, the price of the dollars was diminished by ten percent. The builder realized that he was making loss in the contract and because of the loss in the amount he stopped working. The builder demanded for the amount that it lagged and it further stated that he would not complete the work unless he is paid the extra amount as consideration. The buyer was ready to pay in excess of the initial price decided. However, on a later date the buyer bought an action against the builder for recovery of the amount he paid in excess. The issue that shall be discussed in answer 2 relating to the contract is whether the purchaser will be able to recover the amount he paid in excess to the builder. The meaning of consideration is benefit, the benefit that the promisor obtains by the promisee at his detriment. The best manner to make a agreement enforceable is by way of having clause containing consideration. A mere promise is not enforceable in the opinion of law and it becomes invalid (Hunter, 2015). This was elucidated in the example of Currie v. Misa and it was held that a consideration could become enforceable only if it is valuable and has some right that benefits the other party to the contract (Eisenberg, 2014). In Stilk v. Myrick, the ship was on voyage to London wherein two sailors decided to abandon the ship. The captain of the ship told to his remaining sailors that he would share the salaries if they continued with the voyage. It was seen on a later date, that the Captain did not keep his guarantee (Bix Bix, 2012). The Court in the case of Hartley v. Ponsoby opined that a promise to pay extra money becomes enforceable only if it has involvement of some kind of lawf ul advantage (Poole, 2012). In the milestone decision of Universe Tankships Inc of Monrovia v. International Transport Workers Federation, the claimant paid extra amount to the defendant when he wanted his money at the time of constructing the tankships. Sometime later in the future the claimant sued the defendant for recovering the extra amount he gave to the defendant. In this case, the court held that the defendant used duress and warned the plaintiff that if he failed to pay the money to the plaintiff he would stop working on the tankships (Hillman, 2012). Thus, the defendant paid the amount to the plaintiff. Since there was use of economic duress to receive the amount of consideration from the plaintiff, the Court ordered that the plaintiff should receive the amount he paid in excess to the defendant. The defendant lost in his claim (Murray, 2014). In the case of Williams v. Roffey Bros and Nicholas (Contractors) Ltd, an agreement survived between the contractor and the sub contractor. The amount of consideration that was formed between them 20,000 pounds. The service on which the contract was based was carpentry. The subcontractor was in the middle of his construction when he realized that the consideration amount is not enough for him and he asked the additional amount from the main contractor. The main contractor agreed to pay the extra amount of consideration to the sub contractor when he asked for it, as he was afraid that he might be penalised for the same. Soon after, the primary contractor filed a case against the sub contractor for receiving the amount in surplus of the original consideration amount. The principal contractor succeeded as the Court decided that the contract between them was an outcome of economic duress making the contract void (DiMatteo Hogg, 2016). Similarly, in the given case study of the shipbuilder and the buyer, there were many chances that the buyer may be penalised if he delayed in the delivery of the tanker. The construction of the tanker was midway. This case involved the application of doctrine of consideration and economic duress. Two agreements were established between the builder and the buyer. One contract depended on the initial amount of consideration while the second contract depended on the extra amount that the buyer paid to the builder. The initial contract that was formed had no proviso for currency fluctuations (Hillman, 2012). The Court in the case of Universe Tankships and Williams held that a contract which is induced by economic duress shall not be enforceable in the opinion of law and the plaintiff will have to pay extra amount amount that he made the defendant pay him by using economic duress. In the same way, the plaintiff may also file a suit for recovery of the amount that he paid in excess of the decided agreement (Hillman, 2012). Presence of economic duress makes an agreement void if the plaintiff is able to prove successfully that the contract was induced by the use of economic duress and that he lacked in availing other options as his recourse. The term duress means threat or application of threat to force the other party to form a contract. A contract is deemed voidable if any one of the parties has used economic duress for formation of contract. The word economic duress means use of threat involving some kind of monetary transaction. In the famous case of Siboen, it was decided by the Privy Council that if a contract involves usage of duress for monetary transaction it shall be taken as void making the consideration doctrine not applicable (Landa, 2014. Thus, it may be held in the case of North Ocean Tankers as well that the use of economic duress makes the contract void as it leads to existence of two contracts. The initial contract contains the initial amount of consideration while the second contract involves the use of economic duress making the contract void. Thus, it may be held that the buyer has the right to file a suit for recovery for the amount that he paid in excess to the shipbuilder. References: Andrews, N. (2016). Sources and General Principles of English Contract Law. InArbitration and Contract Law(pp. 165-175). Springer International Publishing. Ayres, I. (2012).Studies in Contract Law. Foundation Press. Bix, B., Bix, B. H. (2012).Contract law: rules, theory, and context. Cambridge University Press. Chen-Wishart, M. (2012).Contract law. Oxford University Press. DiMatteo, L. A., Hogg, M. (Eds.). (2016).Comparative Contract Law: British and American Perspectives. Oxford University Press. Eisenberg, M. (2014). Behavioral Economics and Contract Law.E. Zamir, D. Teichman, The Oxford Handbook of Behavioral Economics and the Law and Economics, 438-464. Hillman, R. A. (2012).The richness of contract law: An analysis and critique of contemporary theories of contract law(Vol. 28). Springer Science Business Media. Hunter, H. (2015). Modern Law of Contracts. Knapp, C. L. (2013). Unconscionability in American Contract Law: A Twenty-First Century Survey.UC Hastings Research Paper, (71). Landa, J. T. (2014). A theory of the ethnically homogeneous middleman group: an institutional alternative to contract law (with an Afterword).Handbook of East Asian Entrepreneurship, 82. McKendrick, E. (2014).Contract law: text, cases, and materials. Oxford University Press (UK). Murray Jr, J. E. (2014). Judicial Vision of Contract: The Constructed Circle of Assent and Unconscionability, The.Duq. L. Rev.,52, 263. Niu, Z. (2015). The law of damages in Chinese contract law: A comparative study of damages calculation in Chinese law, English law and the CISG, with empirical results from Chinese practice. Poole, J. (2012).Casebook on contract law. Oxford University Press. Puil, J. V. D., Weele, A. V. (2014). Contract Law and Tort Law. InInternational Contracting: Contract Management in Complex Construction Projects(pp. 285-292). Reid, D. (2015). Wim Decock, THEOLOGIANS AND CONTRACT LAW: THE MORAL TRANSFORMATION OF THE IUS COMMUNE (CA. 1500-1650) Leiden: Brill (www. brill. com/lhl), 2013. xvi+ 724 pp. ISBN 9789004232846. 179.00.Edinburgh Law Review,19(1), 155-157.